Management Accounting Essay - 2831 Words

The last several decades have been a turbulent period for management accounting in the United States. Many U.S. businesses failed in the international market, and the management accounting profession recognized that some of the blame rests upon shortcomings in the information provided to managers. A continuous flow of articles dating back to the mid-1980s such as Kaplan (1986) or Chalos and Bader (1986) has criticized contemporary management accounting systems. On the other hand, Reider and Saunders (1988) offered a defense of contemporary management accounting methods asserting that the methods are adequate but have not been used appropriately. Management accounting plays a crucial role in manufacturing competitiveness by supplying†¦show more content†¦In the past, the bases used for allocating overhead were either volume driven, such as direct labor hours and machine hours, or financial measures, such as direct labor costs and raw materials costs. These allocation bases are simple and easy to use since the information is readily available either from production or accounting reports, but they often result in mis-measurement of costs. As firms moved from labor driven manufacturing to automated manufacturing, old allocation bases proved even more inaccurate (Horngren et al., 1999). Products were either under- or over-costed because the bases used did not accurately reflect the activities consumed by the product. Another problem was that the bases did not accurately reflect the overhead triggered by either batches or product lines (Johnson, 1988), nor were all the production costs driven by these bases. Another source of inaccurate costing has been the mis-measurement or exclusion of relevant costs (Weisman, 1991). Since business firms are subject to a multitude of externally mandated accounting and reporting requirements (e.g., pronouncements of the SEC, FASB, GASB, IRS), management accounting has used these same costs to make business decisions. Though these costs satisfy external reporting purposes, they are incomplete for many internal purposes. For example, Ramp;D, distribution, and advertising costs are not considered as product costs for external reporting purposes and are therefore often erroneouslyShow MoreRelatedManagement Accounting1950 Words   |  8 PagesManagement in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, -resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpo se of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. ManagementRead MoreAccounting Analysis On Management Accounting Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Accounting Introduction: Management accounting technique is the procedure of understanding, analyzing, exam, calculating, deciphers, and transfers the verbal data to chase of company objectives. The section of bookkeeping is called as cost accounting. The difference between the financial and managerial bookkeeping data is the goal at assist the administrators inside the corporation to create choice as per their situations. 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Understanding key cost in a firm is the most important issue in management accounting. That is because business survives on value exchange. Customers and business are willing to exchange money and services (products) based on the costs. How products cost can effect a firm’s financial health isRead MoreThe Implications Of Management Accounting2362 Words   |  10 Pages1987, Johnson and Kaplan studied the evolution of management accounting and how it has lost relevance today. In the world of technology, competitive environment many issues have escalated, therefore management accounting methods aren’t relevant. Management accounting systems used by the firms before do not apply to organisations today. Hence the reason why the two academics explored reasons why organisations need to develop the methods in which they measure their performance and costs. This essayRead MoreManagement Accounting Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesManagement in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, - resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. ManagementRead MoreEthics in Management Accounting2322 Words   |  10 PagesASSIGNMENT ON ASSURANCE OF LEARNING – ETHICS IN MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING (CMA) Awoluyi Adekunle, Matric Number: 201403007 JUNE 29, 2015 MEMBA 3 LBS, Lagos AWOLUYI ADEKUNLE Matric Number: 201403007 Introduction The source of cost management ethical problems in any organization can be one or more of the following; 1. 2. 3. 4. Organisation’s management expectation Vs. professional ethics Personal desire for recognition / and promotion within the company Strife for quick money

My Finial Project Reflection Free Essays

DRAFT COPY Reflective Essay, Group Project Discussion Question Guidelines for Effective Writing Peace Studies 1050, Introduction to Peace StudiesSpring, 2009 FOR ALL ASSIGNMENTS: Be sure to have your name AND lab section (A,B,C,D,E, or F) at the top of the assignment! One reflective essay (four to six pages), one Group Project, one final essay and fourteen discussion questions ( ? to ? page each—may be longer) will be assigned at various times throughout the term (see the Syllabus, the Readings Assignments Calendar and the Blackboard website for due dates). They are an opportunity for you, the student, to pose your own sociological questions about the assigned topic or reading material. You might want to think of these essays/questions as conversations with me in which you can develop your own line of sociological reasoning and critical thinking about peace studies. We will write a custom essay sample on My Finial Project Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keep in mind that critical analysis = thoughtful, academically grounded questioning rather than making a negative attack. Write in the first person and use active voice for all assignments. **Note: be sure to include appropriate citations!! *** The essay and/or discussion question cluster should be based on the following outline: 1) Begin by framing a question about the assigned reading— keep in mind that this question will form the basis of our classroom discussion. Some of the themes from which questions might be drawn include— a. Ethics, comparisons among readings (e. g. , if Johnson makes one claim about social justice, but Nibert makes another claim then you might ask why they are different); b. Personal experience (e. g. if you have ever joined a student protest (or not) and your observations about the experience are different from Johnson’s then you might ask why he sees things in a different way—first trying to see things from his point of view as a sociologist! ); c. Suggestions for how things might be different (e. g. , questions about how the public can be made aware of issues that you think are being kept under wraps—e. g. how economic development in Africa relates to increased poverty and war—see Tola Pearce article); d. How power and policies relate to socially constructing norms and values (e. g. asking why the media covers college student stories or animal abuse cases with a particular slant†¦you could ask who controls the media and how do they do it? ). 2) Explain why you are asking the question (e. g. , your experience might contradict what you are reading or you think that the author may have missed something and you wonder why) and be sure to relate the question to our readings and discussions. Do NOT simply repeat the question(s) that the author is asking!!!! Show me that you are thinking sociologically and critically about the reading. For the ESSAY ONLY you will also complete items 3-10: ) G ive your own reflective response to a question you have asked about the assigned reading(s). Either use one of your already completed Discussion Questions OR create a new Discussion Question. Elaborate on how you developed your response. In other words, what most influences your thinking (e. g. , parents, peers, religion, other classes, or ? )? Explain how others are (or are not) able to influence your thinking. 4) Support your sociological line of reasoning with material from classroom discussions, course texts, at least one (1) professional journal article from the field of sociology, and your own empirical observations. While there is no specific requirement about the number of citations needed for each assignment, academic work of a high quality is marked by the way all knowledge claims are supported with full citations. (remember that you must cite readings along with discussions, lectures and primary source documents such as letters) 5) If you feel limited in your ability to answer the question then explain how and why you feel limited. Maybe you have never before considered the issue and feel as if your worldview has been shaken. What do you think would help you to better answer the question? Perhaps you will think that having more work experience in a particular organization would give you a better insight into the matter. You might also want to speculate about interviewing people affected by conflict(s) or interviewing so-called experts. What would you ask them? Would interviewing the author help? 6) Keep in mind that I am not asking you to tell me your opinion of the reading (that it is good or bad—easy or hard). I am asking you to reflect on how the material pertains to the academic discipline of sociology as it relates to peace studies. Be a sociologist and ask questions a sociologist would ask. It is important for you to use sociological language and footnotes/bibliography where appropriate. Here are a couple of very brief examples of sociological questions (for more examples see the questions posted on our Blackboard website—I expect YOUR questions to be much longer than my examples! ): a. If there is enough food to feed the entire planet then why are there conflicts over humanitarian aid? Why are people anywhere dying of hunger related illnesses? How is the media involved in peace processes that could help feed the hungry? Through what social processes other than the media do people attach meanings to peace? b. If peace is valued in a society, then why are Peace Studies classes and academic programs considered controversial? Who benefits from questioning the value of peace studies? Who loses? Whose voice is silenced? For the Essay AND the Small Group Poster/Essay/Abstract Exhibition complete items 7-10— 7) The Revision Process (applies only to the Reflective Essay and Small Group Essay Exhibition—not the abstract)—you will be given one week after the individual graded reflective essay and small group essay are returned to complete revisions. NOTE: You will not be given a grade on your first draft. We want you read the comments of the grader and make appropriate revisions. Revisions should focus on the following: 1) course content; 2) the quality of critical analysis; 3) consistency and parsimony in your line of reasoning; 4) quality of sources cited; 5) grammar; 6) syntax; 7) spelling; 8) composition; and 9) any other suggestions made by the person grading your essay. ) The Grading Rubric (posted on Blackboard Course Documents page) provides specific guidelines for your revisions; however, revisions should not involve the following: 1) the submission of a completely new essay; 2) simply making the essay longer without attention to the comments of the grader; and/or 3) making only cosmetic changes. 9) NOTE: You must submit the original copy of your individual essay AND Small Group Essay WITH the revised copy! Attach them with a staple or a paper clip. Also, it is entirely possible that your revisions will not be sufficien t to merit a superior grade. You will not lose points in the revision process, but you may not gain points either. Quality of effort matters! 10) About those citations—the graders will be checking to make sure that the sources you cite include (but are not limited to): course readings, classroom discussions, Blackboard posts, professional academic journals, and primary source documents. You do NOT need to use all of these sources in each assignment (although you will need to cite at least one journal article in your reflective essay). Simply make sure that you fully support your line of reasoning. NOTE: Wikipedia is NOT an acceptable source of information, and it will not count as a citation—use of Wikipedia may even have negative consequences. It is also important that you use a sociology dictionary rather than a standard dictionary when trying to define key concepts such as peace, freedom and liberty. I want to reiterate that there is NO SET NUMBER of citations required for any assignment. It is quality and not quantity that matters! SECOND REMINDER: FOR ALL ASSIGNMENTS: Be sure to have your name AND lab section (A,B,C,D,E, or F) at the top of the assignment! How to cite My Finial Project Reflection, Essay examples

Innovation Leadership for Employment and Education - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInnovation Leadership for Employment and Education. Answer: Introduction Innovation leadership is considered to be a combination of various leadership styles for influencing the employees for the purpose of producing creative products, services as well as ideas (Park, Kim and Krishna 2014). This is considered to be a leadership technique or philosophy. The innovation leader plays the most significant role in this technique of combined leadership. This model was developed by Dr David Gliddon in the year 2006. The main aim of innovation leadership is to develop the organization (Krylov 2014). It helps in achieving the vision and mission of the organization at a fast pace. The organizations need to be creative and adopt the concept of innovation leadership for ensuring continuous success and remain competitive in the market. This report discusses about the concept of innovation leadership. It gives a brief overview of innovation leadership consisting of three stages. This report describes the concept of value-added innovation as well as exploratory innovation. It discusses the theories that led to the foundation of innovation leadership (Zubair et al. 2015). This report also gives an idea about the various leadership styles that fall under the concept of innovation leadership. It says that the main activities in innovation leadership are generation and evaluation of idea followed by implementation. This report gives an overall idea about the concept and emergence of innovation leadership. Discussion Brief Overview In order to understand the concept of innovation leadership it is very important to understand the concept of innovation (Tripon 2015). Innovation is the generation of unique ideas that lead to the development of viable products that can be used for certain purpose (Liang, Chang and Hsu 2014). The three main stages that are involved in the process of innovation are: i) Generation of idea: In order to be innovative one must have a unique idea that will help in producing something new and useful. ii) Evaluation: The idea that is generated must be evaluated to find out its effectiveness and feasibility (Raineri and Paill 2016). Implementation: After the idea is evaluated, it is implemented based on its feasibility. Types of Innovation There are two main types of innovation. The exploratory innovation is involved in generating new ideas that can be implemented (Benson and Voller 2014). The value added type of innovation is involved in the modification and improvement of existing ideas for overall improvement of the product and services. The ideas generated needs to be useful. Innovation is different from creativity. Creativity only deals with the generation of idea. However, in case of innovation, the idea is put to operation for developing new products and services (Nie et al., 2015). The two main types of innovations are discussed as below: i) Value added innovation: This is a type of innovation where the feature of an existing product is modified or improved. This modification is aimed at creating value. Minimum risk is associated with this type of innovation because it does not aim at creating or developing something new (Hofmans et al. 2015). Transactional leadership is appropriate in case of value added innovation. This is the most suitable leadership in this case because it does not encourage employees to take risk and experiment. However, sometimes value added innovation also might require generation of new ideas. Risk consideration is not involved in this type of innovation process. The leader in this type of innovation needs to be flexible. The leaders need to be able to change the leadership behaviors whenever required. ii) Exploratory Innovation: This is a type of innovation where unique and novel ideas are generated. This type of innovation involves the generation of new strategies as well as solutions for a business. Transformational leadership style is suitable in this type of innovation process (Harrison and Wagner 2016). The main features of this type of innovation are discovery, experimentation followed by risk taking. It is different from the process of value added innovation where existing methods are modified for adding value. This type of innovation has certain requirements like flexibility, adaptability and opportunism so that the leaders are able to give an intellectual simulation to the subordinates. The leaders are able to encourage and motivate the employees so that they are able to be creative and generate new ideas (Cunningham 2014). These leaders motivate the employees to participate in the decision making process so that they are able to discover new ideas and concepts for the be tterment of the organization. Leadership Theories The foundation of innovation leadership is based on two main theories called path-goal theory and the leader-member exchange theory. Innovation leadership combines multiple styles of leadership for improving the productivity of the organization (Hirano, Ota and Ninomiya 2017). The organizational culture plays an important role in the innovation of ideas. The two main leadership theories are discussed below. i) Path-Goal Theory: This theory advocates various kinds of leadership behaviors like participative and supportive leadership behavior. This theory led to the generation of the idea of a single leader having various leadership behaviors (Zubair et al. 2015). This theory stated that a single leader ca adopt various leadership styles for the betterment of the organization. This will help in the innovative thinking process. An innovation leadership work environment promotes open leadership styles and behaviors. These behaviors can be supportive and upward influence behaviors. These behaviors motivate the employees to be creative and develop ideas in team. ii) Leader-Member Exchange Theory: LMX theory can be considered to be one of the main building blocks of the concept of innovation leadership. This theory says that an organization needs several leadership styles for the purpose of managing various employees and motivating them to produce better. This theory believes that each employee can be tackled by following different leadership styles (Zubair et al. 2015). This theory has played a significant role in the process of innovation. A single leadership style will not be effective in the organization. In order to be competitive in nature, an organization needs to adopt multiple leadership styles. The combination of transformational as well as transactional leadership is effective in forming innovation leadership. Innovative Organizational Culture/Climate Some of the researches have shown the proof of the culture of organization. This organizational culture or climate is the arbitrator of relation between the organizational innovation and the transformational leadership. This organizational culture is also the arbitrator of relation with the performance (Hirano, Ota and Ninomiya 2017). In simple words, a particular organization should have a strong creative or innovative culture for the transformational leadership to affect the overall innovation of the organization. The term organizational culture mainly refers to the structure of an organization, the expectations of the behavior and the the normative beliefs. Encouragement of Creativity Creativity is the first step for innovation. An innovative person is successful only if he has an innovative mind. The encouragement of creativity is the most important factor in case of innovation leadership. The creativity should be encouraged at every aspect for bringing innovation to the work (Harrison and Wagner 2016). However, this encouragement of creativity is done in all the three levels. The three levels at which creativity is encouraged includes the organizational encouragement, supervisory encouragement and the work group encouragement. All the three levels of encouragement are extremely important. Organizational Encouragement The first level of encouragement of creativity is the organizational encouragement. This particular type of encouragement involves the main encouragement of risk undertaking and the generation and creation of ideas from all the levels of management (Raineri and Paill 2016). The three levels of management are the top management, middle management and lower management. The organizational encouragement also involves the evaluation of creative and innovative ideas, the identification of creativity, the reward of creativity, the collaborative flow of ideas through out the organization. All of the above mentioned involvement in organizational encouragement are extremely important aspects (Krylov 2014). However, the third point, which is the identification and the reward of creativity has the most important and recognized impact on the organizational encouragement. Supervisory Encouragement This is the second level of organizational encouragement. The supervisory encouragement mainly focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the project managers and supervisors in the achievement of goals and objectives in a particular organization. Moreover, the overall interaction within the subordinates and the supervisors is also focused or highlighted in this particular level (Krylov 2014). The supervisory support of the work of a team is also highlighted here. This particular level of organizational encouragement points out the basic and the main concepts of the transformational leadership. This type of leadership further emphasizes on the importance of the interactions of subordinates and supervisors in an innovative performance. Work Group Encouragement Work group encouragement is the third level of organizational encouragement. The main feature of this particular level of encouragement is the diversification or diversity in the background of team members (Raineri and Paill 2016). The innovative ideas normally affect the creativity of the organization as the team members are further exposed to the huge variation of unusual ideas and thus this exposure has drawn to have a positive impact on the creative thinking power. Leader Attributes/Characteristics A successful innovative leader requires various features or characteristics within him. The main attributes or characteristics of a successful leader are as follows: i) Creativity: This is the most important characteristic for any successful innovative leader. If he will not be creative in nature, it is not possible for him to become successful in life (Tripon 2015). Therefore, creativity is the most important feature for an innovative leader. ii) Expertise: This is the second most important characteristic for any successful innovative leader. If an individual will be an expert in his domain, he is bound to become a successful innovative leader in life. Planning: Planning is the most important step for bringing success in organization. A successful innovative leader always plans everything before taking any step in life. iv) Social Skills: The social skills are the next most important feature for a successful innovative leader (Krylov 2014). The social skills often help to understand the success story of an innovative leader. Types of Innovation Leadership Styles There are mainly three types of styles of innovation leadership. These three types of styles of innovation leadership include the transformational leadership, ambidextrous leadership and the transactional leadership (Park, Kim and Krishna 2014). The transformational leadership is the strongest leadership in respect to the other two. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, innovation leadership is considered to be a combination of various leadership styles for influencing the employees for the purpose of producing creative products, services as well as ideas. The innovation leadership is considered to be a leadership technique or philosophy. The innovation leader plays the most significant role in this technique of combined leadership. This model was developed by Dr David Gliddon in the year 2006. The main aim of innovation leadership is to develop the organization. Innovation leadership has helped in achieving the vision and mission of the organization at a fast pace. The organizations need to be creative and adopt the concept of innovation leadership for ensuring continuous success and remain competitive in the market. The above report has discussed about the basic concept of innovation leadership. It has given a brief overview of innovation leadership consisting of three stages. The abov e report also describes the concept of value-added innovation as well as exploratory innovation. The report further has discussed about the theories that led to the foundation of innovation leadership. The above report also provided an idea about the various leadership styles that fall under the concept of innovation leadership. The report also states that the main activities in innovation leadership are generation and evaluation of idea followed by implementation. The above report has provided an overall idea about the concept and emergence of innovation leadership. References Benson, P. and Voller, P., 2014.Autonomy and independence in language learning. Routledge. Cunningham, S., 2014. Creative labour and its discontents: A reappraisal.Creative work beyond the creative industries: Innovation, employment and education, pp.25-46. Harrison, S.H. and Wagner, D.T., 2016. Spilling outside the box: The effects of individuals creative behaviors at work on time spent with their spouses at home.Academy of Management Journal,59(3), pp.841-859. Hirano, E., Ota, K. and Ninomiya, K., 2017. Attitudes toward the Community and Characteristics of Leaders Managing Community-based Preventive Long-term Care Services.Kawasaki journal of medical welfare,22(2), pp.53-60. Hofmans, J., Debusscher, J., Dci, E., Spanouli, A. and De Fruyt, F., 2015. The curvilinear relationship between work pressure and momentary task performance: the role of state and trait core self-evaluations.Frontiers in psychology,6. Krylov, S., 2014. Applied Strategic Innovative Analysis as a Research Instrument of the Strategic Innovative Organization Activity Aspects.International Journal,3(2). Liang, C., Chang, C.C. and Hsu, Y., 2014. Differential effects of personality traits and environmental predictors on reproductive and creative imagination.The Journal of Creative Behavior,48(4), pp.237-253. Nie, Y., Chua, B.L., Yeung, A.S., Ryan, R.M. and Chan, W.Y., 2015. The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well?being: Testing self?determination theory in a Chinese work organisation.International Journal of Psychology,50(4), pp.245-255. Park, S.H., Kim, J.N. and Krishna, A., 2014. Bottom-up building of an innovative organization: Motivating employee intrapreneurship and scouting and their strategic value.Management Communication Quarterly,28(4), pp.531-560. Raineri, N. and Paill, P., 2016. Linking corporate policy and supervisory support with environmental citizenship behaviors: The role of employee environmental beliefs and commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,137(1), pp.129-148. Tripon, A., 2015. Requirements on Organizational Encouragement and Resources for the Development of Entrepreneurial Creativity in a Glocal Socialecological System Case Study.Procedia Economics and Finance,32, pp.906-913. Zubair, A., Bashir, M., Abrar, M., Baig, S.A. and Hassan, S.Y., 2015. Employees participation in decision making and managers encouragement of creativity: The mediating role of climate for creativity and change.Journal of Service Science and Management,8(03), p.306.